The 5th European Positive Psychology Conference took place this week in Copenhagen, Denmark on June 23-26 2010. This article covers June 23 and June 24.
Hans Henrik Knoop
Knoop also asked us to reflect on the ambivalence inherent in the idea of happiness: that it is a simple notion, yet at the same time a complex one and not easy to pin down. Simplicity appeals to our rational side, yet it may not always be good for us. He used a photo of the beautiful harbor waterfront as an illustration – it’s complex, no two buildings look the same, yet it fits together and appeals to our emotional side. People prefer to live and work in houses like these, rather than in soulless modern apartments or hotels.
Antonella Delle Fave
- Different cultural definitions of well-being, in particular the differences between East and West. According to Delle Fave, the majority of us working in the field of Positive Psychology interpret happiness and well-being from the Western perspective yet this isn’t the only way. Recent research from Delle Fave and colleagues suggests that happiness is interpreted by many as inner harmony and balance, yet these concepts don’t feature strongly in popular Western definitions of well-being.
- Similarly, we cannot just rely on quantitative measurements. For example our experience of flow depends in part on cultural values. Italians experience most flow during leisure activities, whereas Ugandans and Nepalese experience flow most often during study. So to properly understand well-being in all its forms, we need to further explore the meaning and value that people attach to different activities and life conditions through open-ended questions.
Lars Qvortrup
Thursday 24th June
Corey Keyes
Corey Keyes, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology at Emory University, USA, stated that treating mental illness using medication and psychology as usual has its role, but it’s not sufficient on its own to halt the extraordinary increase in mental disorders reported in the Western world or to enable people to flourish. Summing up the position using the words of Insel and Scolnick, “All current treatments for mental illness are palliative.” According to Keyes, our approach to ‘curing’ mental illness is itself a definition of madness: doing more of the same thing and expecting a different result. What we need is a completely different approach.
Using the health-disease continuum, Keyes made a very convincing argument that the absence of mental illness is not the same thing as the presence of mental health. We don’t even know what mental health means, he argued, and frequently we use the term mental health when we mean mental illness and vice versa.
Even if we accept that flourishing is more than the absence of languishing, it’s not that simple to agree how it can be achieved. Both the way we feel and the way we function contribute to flourishing, yet there is a paradox. Changes which lead to personal growth and higher eudaimonic well-being do not necessarily lead to more positive emotions. Personal growth takes effort, so higher functioning might in reality be accompanied by lower feeling. How do we reconcile these two opposing ideas in one model of well-being or one model of mental health? Many studies confirm that mental health is more than the absence of illness. Keyes argued that twin studies provide evidence that there is a genetic basis for this “dual continuum” approach. Important implications include that the presence of mental health or flourishing reduces the risk factors for mental illness.
Keynote 2: How Positive Emotions Work, and Why
Barbara Fredrickson
- Positivity opens us, changing our perceptual horizons. Recent brain imaging research shows that the perception of people in a neutral or negative state is focused in on one area, whereas people in a positive state have a broadened focus. The implications of this are as follows:
- We can see many possibilities.
- We’re more creative.
- We’re more resilient.
- We perform better.
- Medics make better decisions.
- There is more “oneness” i.e. racial and cultural differences disappear.
- Trust increases.
- We make more ‘win/wiin’ negotiations.
Fredrickson argued that we need positive emotions to solve the global problems that we are currently experiencing.
- Positive emotions transform us for the better – they’re a source of nourishment for growth, like 5-a-day fruit and vegetables. Loving kindness meditation can increase positive emotions and build additional cognitive and social resources, as well as making us more resilient. Additionally meditation increases our Vagal Tone. The vagal nerve connects the brain to the heart and by increasing the level of resting Vagal Tone, we are better able to regulate our emotions, attention, and behavior, all of which are essential to our experience of high well-being.
- Positivity transforms our relationships: research from Sarah Algoe and colleagues suggests that expressing high quality appreciation to our partner can boost the relationship, whereas low quality appreciation makes no difference.
Moving from Description to Prescription:
- We need the 3:1 ratio of positive to negative emotions, but attention to negative emotions is still necessary.
- Don’t just try to be positive, but instead create a mindset of positivity, which Fredrickson described as being open to the present moment, appreciative, curious, kind, and real.
References
Insel, T.R. & Scolnick, E.M. Cure therapeutics and strategic prevention: Raising the bar mental for health research. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/publications/cure-therapeutics-and-strategic-prevention-raising-the-bar-for-mental-health-research.shtml
Linley, P.A., Joseph, S., Harrington, A., and Wood, A.M. (2006). Positive Psychology: past, present and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16
Image
Second crossing courtesy of StewBl@ck
6 comments
Thank you for the excellent report, Bridget. Looking forward to part 2.
Great job,
Elaine O’Brien
Dear Bridget,
Thanks for the excellent reporting about the EEPPC and well-being in Copenhagen. I especially appreciate the ideas Antonella presented on cross-cultural distinctions around understanding Positive Psychology between the East. and West. I love the ideas you shared about inner balance and harmony, as well as differences in perceiving flow states across societies. This will help build a more global understanding and perceptions in our field. Looking forward to reading more.
My best,
Elaine O’Brien
Bridget, although the conference had so many highlights, I think this was one of my favorite days. I really enjoyed hearing Corey and Barb. Barb has really developed her work and continues the research! The entire conference was rich with information, focused on research, and was very enjoyable. The happiest country rubbed off on me, more evidence of Christakis and Fowler’s research on social contagion.
You’ve done a great job of covering the heavy hitters from all three days!
Hi Debbie
Thanks for your feedback! There was certainly a lot going on over the three days & I’m finding it difficult to choose a favourite. What I found particularly interesting was the focus on PP at an institutional/society level which has been missing from the discussion so far, at least in the conferences I’ve been to before. Also, there wasn’t space here to cover the evening discussion between Hans Henrik Knoop and Barbara Fredrickson at the Danish Royal Library in which some pretty searching questions were asked. It makes me think that ‘European Positive Psychology’ (if there is such a thing) might be very different. With all your experience of the Penn MAPP, did you notice any differences?
And it was great to meet you, at long last!
Bridget
Bridget,
Thanks for the excellent reporting on the EEPPC in Copenhagen. I appreciate hearing about the conference. What a rich presentation of Positive Psychology perspectives! As an example, I appreciate your sharing what Antonella Delle Fave had to say about Positive Psychology globally, especially concerning understanding Eastern and Western cultural differences. I love the piece about inner harmony and balance and also about how societies reach flow states in different ways. Great!
My best,
Elaine O’Brien
Hi Elaine
Thanks for your comments and sorry I didn’t reply to your first postings, for some reason I didn’t see them the first time aroound. All told it was a great conference, a variety of keynotes and a good mix of workshops and research, to say nothing of the fabulous location, Danish hospitality and attention to detail. I also think this conference was the first time I’d heard people talking about positive psychology from a wider (country-level) perspective and thinking that there might be differences in how pp (and psychology generally) applies to other cultures. I’m wondering also if there are some differences between US and European approaches to positive psychology appearing – perhaps PPND readers would like to comment on that?
Bridget