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	<title>Comments on: The Three Degrees of Influence and Happiness</title>
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	<description>Positive Psychology News Daily - Daily boost of research-based happiness.  Authored by University of Pennsylvania graduates of the Master of Applied Positive Psychology program (MAPP).</description>
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		<title>By: Timothy So</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130127</link>
		<dc:creator>Timothy So</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Dec 2009 15:35:15 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description>Sarah – Yes. The principal implication by the research is our emotion might not only influence our friends but also our friends’ friends’ friends. At three degrees of separation, individuals’ emotions are still significantly being influenced.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sarah – Yes. The principal implication by the research is our emotion might not only influence our friends but also our friends’ friends’ friends. At three degrees of separation, individuals’ emotions are still significantly being influenced.</p>
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		<title>By: Timothy So</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130126</link>
		<dc:creator>Timothy So</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Dec 2009 15:34:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130126</guid>
		<description>Thanks Elizabeth! I love yours ‘we become larger than the sum’. Apart from community support centres (organizations), what else do you think we need for our positive communities?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks Elizabeth! I love yours ‘we become larger than the sum’. Apart from community support centres (organizations), what else do you think we need for our positive communities?</p>
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		<title>By: Sarah</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130034</link>
		<dc:creator>Sarah</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2009 23:01:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130034</guid>
		<description>Through Facebook and other similar social networks, individuals update their status’s frequently and share their happiness and sadness often. However, when it comes to the “friends” on Facebook that we do not know as well (maybe we took one college course with them and have not talked to them since), would the research show that we are still affected by their emotions?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Through Facebook and other similar social networks, individuals update their status’s frequently and share their happiness and sadness often. However, when it comes to the “friends” on Facebook that we do not know as well (maybe we took one college course with them and have not talked to them since), would the research show that we are still affected by their emotions?</p>
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		<title>By: asoskay</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130031</link>
		<dc:creator>asoskay</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Nov 2009 19:09:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130031</guid>
		<description>Farklı bir makale.Güzelbir bakış açısı.Teşekkür ederim.
asoskay</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Farklı bir makale.Güzelbir bakış açısı.Teşekkür ederim.<br />
asoskay</p>
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		<title>By: Elizabeth Hofelt</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130022</link>
		<dc:creator>Elizabeth Hofelt</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 15:15:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130022</guid>
		<description>This idea that happiness, and to a lesser degree, sadness affect a social network seems to have great implications for families.  It also makes it clear why community support centers (schools, churches, clubs) are so needed by families. Some families have happier natures than others (for whatever assortment of reasons). The community organizations are opportunities to get into positive communities, so that the families can share their strengths with other families.  So that children, mothers and fathers are exposed to different options and different responses to different situations.  In the mix, positive and negative interactions will bubble up, as their is no utopia and problems arise.  In this way we can all learn from each other and help build each other into stronger, more compassionate and understanding people.  We become larger than the sum.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This idea that happiness, and to a lesser degree, sadness affect a social network seems to have great implications for families.  It also makes it clear why community support centers (schools, churches, clubs) are so needed by families. Some families have happier natures than others (for whatever assortment of reasons). The community organizations are opportunities to get into positive communities, so that the families can share their strengths with other families.  So that children, mothers and fathers are exposed to different options and different responses to different situations.  In the mix, positive and negative interactions will bubble up, as their is no utopia and problems arise.  In this way we can all learn from each other and help build each other into stronger, more compassionate and understanding people.  We become larger than the sum.</p>
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		<title>By: Jeremy McCarthy</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130013</link>
		<dc:creator>Jeremy McCarthy</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 29 Nov 2009 01:49:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130013</guid>
		<description>Brian,

Thanks for sharing your personal story.  To me, the very nature of your comments indicate that you are not apathetic.  My definition of apathetic (in reference to employees) is one who does not express their feelings negatively or positively, not because of their particular communication style or level of extraversion or introversion, but rather because they simply do not care enough to do so.  

In answer to your question, I think Timothy expressed it eloquently saying that everyone in the community is responsible for the flourishing of the community.  Brian, your note shows your thoughtful analysis of how you are contributing to a group and your quest for meaning within the context of the group.  Apathy is an absence of feelings and clearly you have some!

Thanks, J</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Brian,</p>
<p>Thanks for sharing your personal story.  To me, the very nature of your comments indicate that you are not apathetic.  My definition of apathetic (in reference to employees) is one who does not express their feelings negatively or positively, not because of their particular communication style or level of extraversion or introversion, but rather because they simply do not care enough to do so.  </p>
<p>In answer to your question, I think Timothy expressed it eloquently saying that everyone in the community is responsible for the flourishing of the community.  Brian, your note shows your thoughtful analysis of how you are contributing to a group and your quest for meaning within the context of the group.  Apathy is an absence of feelings and clearly you have some!</p>
<p>Thanks, J</p>
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		<title>By: Timothy T.C. So</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130006</link>
		<dc:creator>Timothy T.C. So</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 17:30:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130006</guid>
		<description>Brian –

I appreciate your sharing! 

Firstly, I believe everyone in our community has the responsibility to contribute to a flourishing community.

Besides, your experience is in line with the argument between hedonic and eudemonia. Clearly, one might value immediate disposition, pleasure, satisfaction and subjectivity more but others might value better the feeling of possessing the greatest goods available and fullest potential. However, my question is, do we really have to take the extreme of either  perspectives, or we can actually achieve both or at least strike a better balance?

As they are not necessarily contradictory, why can’t a hedonism also work at something with constant meaning, purpose and value? And why can’t a eudemonism take the steps to enjoy the momentary pleasure in the process of achieving meaning and long-term happiness?

Best wishes,
Timothy</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Brian –</p>
<p>I appreciate your sharing! </p>
<p>Firstly, I believe everyone in our community has the responsibility to contribute to a flourishing community.</p>
<p>Besides, your experience is in line with the argument between hedonic and eudemonia. Clearly, one might value immediate disposition, pleasure, satisfaction and subjectivity more but others might value better the feeling of possessing the greatest goods available and fullest potential. However, my question is, do we really have to take the extreme of either  perspectives, or we can actually achieve both or at least strike a better balance?</p>
<p>As they are not necessarily contradictory, why can’t a hedonism also work at something with constant meaning, purpose and value? And why can’t a eudemonism take the steps to enjoy the momentary pleasure in the process of achieving meaning and long-term happiness?</p>
<p>Best wishes,<br />
Timothy</p>
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		<title>By: Timothy T.C. So</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130005</link>
		<dc:creator>Timothy T.C. So</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 16:38:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130005</guid>
		<description>Sarah – 

According to Christakis and Fowler’s research, sadness/unhappiness also spreads to 3 degrees of separation, but the effect is not as strong as that of happiness. (Also refer to my reply to Victoria)

In theory, other emotion should spread through one&#039;s social network in the same degree as well. 

Regarding why and how emotion spreads, you might be interested in reading: http://content.flkr.com/evan/Evan-EmotionalContagion.pdf

Thanks for your comment! 

Best wishes,
Timothy</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sarah – </p>
<p>According to Christakis and Fowler’s research, sadness/unhappiness also spreads to 3 degrees of separation, but the effect is not as strong as that of happiness. (Also refer to my reply to Victoria)</p>
<p>In theory, other emotion should spread through one&#8217;s social network in the same degree as well. </p>
<p>Regarding why and how emotion spreads, you might be interested in reading: <a href="http://content.flkr.com/evan/Evan-EmotionalContagion.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://content.flkr.com/evan/Evan-EmotionalContagion.pdf</a></p>
<p>Thanks for your comment! </p>
<p>Best wishes,<br />
Timothy</p>
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		<title>By: Timothy T.C. So</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130004</link>
		<dc:creator>Timothy T.C. So</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 16:37:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130004</guid>
		<description>Amanda – 

Thanks for your inspiring question. Firstly, I think we should have a consensus on how to define, measure and testify what is a &quot;flourishing community&quot;. Like happiness and life satisfaction, flourishing is a subjective concept. Before it is operationally defined and a measure of it is established, it is hard to offer any interventions or try including different people with various personalities to ‘fit in’. 

Besides, I think education helps. Education shapes our beliefs and values in a certain extent. The whole theme of Positive Education proposed by Marty Seligman might be an important tool for those wallflowers, or outliers I’d say, to change their perception and thoughts and be integrated into a flourishing community. I understand it is not an easy mission at all but obviously it’s a meaningful and significant one. 

Thanks for your comment and inspiration again. 

Best, 
Timothy</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Amanda – </p>
<p>Thanks for your inspiring question. Firstly, I think we should have a consensus on how to define, measure and testify what is a &#8220;flourishing community&#8221;. Like happiness and life satisfaction, flourishing is a subjective concept. Before it is operationally defined and a measure of it is established, it is hard to offer any interventions or try including different people with various personalities to ‘fit in’. </p>
<p>Besides, I think education helps. Education shapes our beliefs and values in a certain extent. The whole theme of Positive Education proposed by Marty Seligman might be an important tool for those wallflowers, or outliers I’d say, to change their perception and thoughts and be integrated into a flourishing community. I understand it is not an easy mission at all but obviously it’s a meaningful and significant one. </p>
<p>Thanks for your comment and inspiration again. </p>
<p>Best,<br />
Timothy</p>
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		<title>By: Timothy T.C. So</title>
		<link>http://positivepsychologynews.com/news/timothy-so/200911185246/comment-page-1#comment-130003</link>
		<dc:creator>Timothy T.C. So</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Nov 2009 16:36:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://positivepsychologynews.com/?p=5246#comment-130003</guid>
		<description>Victoria –

Thanks for your insightful question!

I’d like to answer your 2nd question first. One very recent neuroscience research looked at the pattern of cerebral asymmetry in the perception of positive and negative facial signals. It shows that we can detect expressions of happiness and surprise faster than those of sadness or fear. Our brains get a first impression of people’s overriding social signals after seeing their faces for only 100 milliseconds. The study concludes that positive expressions, or expressions of approach, are perceived more quickly and more precisely than negative, or withdrawal, ones. So happiness and surprise are processed faster than sadness and fear making sense.

Re your 1st question, I am sorry that I cannot offer you a proper answer on the role of empathy as I simply don’t know. I hold, however, a similar assumption as yours that empathy might play a moderating role on the spreading of happiness or sadness. Though unfortunately I don’t have the actual answer.

Best wishes,
Timothy

References: Torro-Alves, N.; Aznar-Casanova, J. A. y Fukusima, S.S.  (2009). Patterns of brain asymmetry in the perception of positive and negative facial expressions.  Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 14: 256 – 272.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Victoria –</p>
<p>Thanks for your insightful question!</p>
<p>I’d like to answer your 2nd question first. One very recent neuroscience research looked at the pattern of cerebral asymmetry in the perception of positive and negative facial signals. It shows that we can detect expressions of happiness and surprise faster than those of sadness or fear. Our brains get a first impression of people’s overriding social signals after seeing their faces for only 100 milliseconds. The study concludes that positive expressions, or expressions of approach, are perceived more quickly and more precisely than negative, or withdrawal, ones. So happiness and surprise are processed faster than sadness and fear making sense.</p>
<p>Re your 1st question, I am sorry that I cannot offer you a proper answer on the role of empathy as I simply don’t know. I hold, however, a similar assumption as yours that empathy might play a moderating role on the spreading of happiness or sadness. Though unfortunately I don’t have the actual answer.</p>
<p>Best wishes,<br />
Timothy</p>
<p>References: Torro-Alves, N.; Aznar-Casanova, J. A. y Fukusima, S.S.  (2009). Patterns of brain asymmetry in the perception of positive and negative facial expressions.  Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 14: 256 – 272.</p>
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